This bibliography is a compilation of "Environmental Justice: Annotated Bibliography" (Center for Policy Alternatives, 1993);  "Our Earth Matters, Environmental Justice: A Research Guide" (NAACP Legal Defense Fund, 1994);  and resources from the Los Angeles Environmental Justice Project Office.

Academic Papers  

Attah, E.B.  "Presentation Notes on Draft Preliminary Findings: Demographics and Siting in EPA Region IV."  Department of Sociology, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA. 
"The purpose of this research is to uncover and document the extent to which inequity exists in EPA Region IV in the siting of hazardous waste disposal facilities."

Bowan, William W., et.al.  "The Spatial Association between Race, Income, and Industrial Toxic Emissions in Cuyahoga County, Ohio."  June 1993.  [Paper prepared for the Annual Meetings of the Association of American Geographers, Atlanta, GA, May 1993].
Examines the correlation between race and "spatial distribution of toxic industrial pollution in relation to the location of demographic groups in Ohio."  Using data from EPA's Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) and the 1990 Census of Population and Housing, the authors conclude that while there is a link between race and pollution at the county level, there is no relationship at the census tract level, which may be more accurate.  However, the authors readily admit that their study is limited by their reliance on TRI data, which is provided by industry and does not include pollutions such as lead or carbon dioxide.

Fitton, Laura J.  "A Study of the Correlation between the Siting of Hazardous Waste Facilities and Racial and Socioeconomic Characteristics."  [Undergraduate Thesis for Government 500, Cornell University-in-Washington Program].  Fall 1992.
Uses 1992 facility data, 1992 census-based projections, and 1990 census data to study the demographic characteristics of communities with hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities, and to analyze the correlation between siting and race with the purpose of controlling for class differences.   

Houghton, Robert.  Environmental Equity and the Clean Water Act.  Human Resource Center.  March 10, 1992.
Reviews the 1972 Clean Water Act from and environmental equity perspective.  Examines "three key areas of the Act ? the pollution permit system, sewage treatment facilities and citizen suits in order to assess how effectively the Clean Water Act is being implemented and to identify problem areas."  Concludes by determining "which groups have been disproportionately harmed by shortcomings in the Act" and recommends specific proposals to remedy them.

Articles  

Law Reviews and Academic Journals

Austin, Regina, and Michael H. Schill, "Black, Brown, Poor and Poisoned: Minority Grassroots Environmentalism and the Quest for Eco-Justice," Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy. v.1, n. 1., pp. 69-92.  Summer 1991.
Austin and Schill examine the reasons why "race was the most significant factor differentiating communities with hazardous waste facilities from those without."  Describes the "anti-bourgeois, anti-racist, class conscious, populist, and participatory" nature of a grassroots environmental justice movement that is "intertwined with other pressing economic, social, and political ills."

Baugh, Joyce.  "African-Americans and the Environment: A Review Essay."  Policy Studies Journal.  v.2, n.19, pp.182-191. Spring 1991.
This review essay examines the reasons why Blacks generally have been absent from the environmental movement and the activism that is now emerging in the communities where they live. Cites studies indicating that the primary activism against environmental racism emerges from local groups not from mainstream environmental organizations.

Bernstein, Joan Z.  "The Siting of Commercial Waste Facilities: An Evolution of Community Land Use Decisions."  Kansas Journal of Law Public Policy. v.1, n.1.  Summer 1991.
Written by Waste Management Incorporated's Vice President of Environmental Policy and Ethical Standards (and former head of EPA's Office of General Counsel), the paper describes facility siting practices, briefly mentioning what could be considered arguments for the existence of environmental inequity.  Attempts "to answer the question of 'fairness'" through an alternative perspective. 

Bowser, Charles.  "Prerogatives of the Powerful -- Plight of the Poor."  Villanova Law Review.  v.19, n.5, pp. 705-711.  May 1974.
"Within the nation's deprived environment lives the nation's poor and minorities.  Because these people have been restricted to poor environments for generations, they now view the new ecological concern with suspicion.  For example, because land development allows for segregated solutions of common problems, it has also always caused racism and economic discrimination."  The paper includes historical and present-day accounts of the failure of policies to protect people from environmental degradation until the middle class was affected.  It also describes the results of the 1949 urban renewal law and predicts that "underclass riots will eventually explode" if deprived environments do not receive equal treatment.

Bryant, Bunyan, and Mohai, Paul.  "Studies Providing Systematic Empirical Evidence Regarding the Burden of Environmental Hazards by Income and Race."  Race, Poverty and the Environment.  Fall 1991/Winter 1992.
Discusses 15 studies completed between 1971 and 1992 that analyze the distribution of environmental hazards by income and race.  Includes full bibliographic information and a summary table excerpted from the authors' book, Race and the Incidence of Environmental Hazards.

Bullard, Robert D.  "Ecological Inequities and the New South: Black Communities Under Siege."  Journal of Ethnic Studies.  v.17, n.4, pp.101-115.  Winter 1990.
Discusses the environmental problems that were created as a direct result of the growth associated with the formation of the "New South."  Traces a brief history of the environmental justice movement, and analyzes both the costs and benefits incurred during the South's economic ascent and the evolving roles of political factors such as zoning, NIMBYism [Not In My Backyard], etc.

_______________, and Wright, Beverly.  "Environmentalism and the Politics of Equity: Emergent Trends in the Black Community."  Mid-American Review of Sociology.  v.7, n.2, pp.21-38.  1987.
Analyzes the struggle by African-American communities "to integrate environmental issues into traditional civil rights agendas."  Argues that the African-American community must "use its institutions (e.g., churches, civic clubs, professional associations, civil rights and political organizations, colleges and universities, etc.) to develop a network of advocates and experts who can develop and articulate long-term economic development and environmental strategies."

______________, and Wright, Beverly.  "Toxic Waste and the African-American Community."  Urban League Review.  v.13, n.1-2, pp.67-75.  Summer/Winter 1989/90.
Uses government data to explore the location of toxic waste facilities relative to people-of-color communities in the South, and argues that there is an "inordinate concentration of uncontrolled toxic waste sites in African-American and Hispanic urban communities, while large commercial hazardous waste landfills and disposal facilities are more likely to be found in rural communities in the southern black belt."  Discusses the future prognosis of the environmental equity movement.

Cole, Luke W., "Empowerment as the Key to Environmental Protection: The Need for Environmental Poverty Law," Ecology Law Quarterly.  V.19, n. 4, pp. 619-83.  1992.
Cole explores differences between mainstream and grassroots environmentalism and outlines an alternative strategy that focuses on community empowerment rather than court victories. Argues that environmental poverty lawyers can play a role in realizing the "potential for building multi-racial, multi-class, and multicultural movements to address structural problems in society." Also, Cole's article contains the most extensive footnote references to cases of any secondary source.  Included are cases on garbage dump siting and operation, pesticide spraying, lead poisoning, and other issues. 

____________.  "Remedies for Environmental Racism: A View from the Field."  Michigan Law Review.  v.90, n.7, pp.1991-1997.  June 1992.
Points to obstacles in civil rights-based approaches to environmental poverty law, including the historical role of the legal system that continues to exclude people of color.  Recommends that the struggle for environmental justice should move away from the courts and return to grassroots activism.

Colopy, James H., "The Road Less Traveled: Pursuing Environmental Justice Through Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964."  Stanford Environmental Law Journal.  v.13.number, page?  February 1994.
At the time of his writing, Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, 42 was perceived as the wave of the future for environmental justice litigation.  Environmental justice plaintiffs have had difficulty proving discriminatory intent, but in 1994, before the 2001 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Alexander v. Sandoval, Title VI allowed discrimination to be measured by impact rather than intent.  Colopy outlined and evaluated the Title VI strategies available to environmental justice plaintiffs.  His analysis was required reading for any attorney thinking of filing a Title VI/environmental justice claim. 

Godsil, Rachel D., "Remedying Environmental Racism," Michigan Law Review.  v.90, number. pp.394-427.  November 1991.
Godsil traces emergence of environmental racism as an issue.  Argues that the equal protection clause and section 1983 of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 are inadequate to address environmental racism because of the difficulty plaintiffs face in proving discriminatory intent.  The answer to this new problem, according to Godsil, is new federal legislation. 

Sonn, Paul K., "Fighting Minority Underrepresentation in Publicly Funded Construction Projects after Croson: A Title VI Litigation Strategy," Yale Law Journal.  v.101, pp. 1577-1606.  1992.
Although not about environmental racism, Sonn's article was the "talk of the town" among environmental justice advocates.  Sonn presented a litigation strategy based on the 1964 Civil Rights Act's Title VI "disparate impact" standard -- a standard many thought was the most promising basis for environmental justice cases.

Tsao, Naikang, "Ameliorating Environmental Racism: A Citizens' Guide to Combatting the Discriminatory Siting of Toxic Waste Dumps," New York University Law Review.  number v.67, pp. 366-418.  1992.
Tsao recommends that environmental justice suits rely on state rather than federal law because of the difficulties of proving discriminatory intent, as required under the equal protection clause and section 1983.

Wekerle, Gerda.  "Women in the Urban Environment."  Signs.  v.5, n.4, pp.188-214.  1980.
A review of work in the field of "attention to women in relation to cities."  Discusses the three dominant paradigms guiding this work, one of which is "environmental equity concepts stressing the right to equal access to public goods and services."

Legal Newspapers

Brown, Alice L., "Environmental Justice: New Civil Rights Frontier," Trial.  pp. 48-53.  July 1993.
Abstract:  Suits alleging environmental racism can be brought under several laws, including CERCLA, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, and the Medicaid Act.  Existing environmental laws do not cover race discrimination but can still be used to challenge the location of polluting industries and the lack of cleanup enforcement.

Jones, Stephen C., "EPA targets 'environmental racism',"  National Law Journal.  pp. 28.  August 9, 1993.
Abstract:  The Clinton Administration's EPA plans to make environmental equity a top priority.  The agency has opened an Office of Environmental Equity, which is focusing on community development and public education.  In the courts, the most common basis for environmental racism cases so far has been the equal protection clause.  The requirement of proof of discriminatory intent has been difficult to meet, but future plaintiffs may succeed.  Legislation to bring about environmental equity has also been introduced in Congress. 

_____________, "Inequities of industrial siting addressed (environmental racism)."  National Law Journal.  pp.20. August 16, 1993.
Abstract: At the time, claims of environmental racism could be brought under Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which prohibits race discrimination in federally funded programs.  When using Title VI, plaintiffs needed only prove disparate impact rather than discriminatory intent, as required under an equal protection claim.

Lavelle, Marianne, "Discrimination probe planned; House committee to investigate environmental racism."  National Law Journal.  pp.1, 47.  September 28, 1992.
Abstract: The House Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights will hold hearings on environmental racism on March 3-4, 1993.  Discrimination against minority communities under the Superfund program and environmental enforcement on Indian lands will be among the areas investigated.  Chairman Don Edwards stated that part of his inspiration for the hearings was the National Law Journal "Unequal Protection" report of September 21, 1992.

______________, "Environmental racism targeted; congressional hearing,"  National Law Journal.  pp.3, 43.  March 1, 1993.
Abstract:  The House Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights will hold hearings on environmental racism on March 3-4, 1993.  Discrimination against minority communities under Superfund program and environmental enforcement on Indian lands will be among the areas investigated.  Chairman Don Edwards stated that part of his inspiration for the hearings was the National Law Journal "Unequal Protection" report of September 21, 1992.

______________, et al., "Unequal Protection:  The Racial Divide in Environmental Law," National Law Journal.  September 21, 1992, SI-12.
An environmental justice "classic," this 1992 study inaugurated the "Unequal Protection" series in National Law Journal and inspired both Congressional hearings and the establishment of the EPA Office of Environmental Equity.  The report concluded, among other things, that EPA cleans up hazardous waste sites faster in white communities than in non-white ones, and polluters in white communities receive stiffer fines than polluters in non-white communities.  Articles included in this study are: "Community profile: Tacoma, Washington; a way of life is threatened"; "Community profile: Moss Point, Mississippi; town fights waste plan"; and "Community profile: Wallace, Louisiana; saying 'no' to Cancer Alley."

Books  

Brooks, Mary E.  Housing Equity and Environmental Protection.  American Institute of Planners.  Washington.  1976.

Bryant, Bunyan and Paul Mohai, eds. Race and the Incidence of Environmental Hazards. Westview Press. Boulder, Colorado. 1992.
This book contains papers originally presented at the Michigan Conference on Race and the Incidence of Environmental Hazards.  The chapters include statistical and narrative data on toxic fish consumption, occupational injury, and hazardous waste incinerator siting.  Also included is an influential essay, "Toward a Model of 'Environmental Race Discrimination,'" that claims air pol- lution is distributed inequitably by income.  In addition, Race and the Incidence of Environmental Hazards contains bibliographical references to over one hundred studies on pesticides, lead poisoning, and other environmental problems afflicting minorities and the poor.

Bullard, Robert D., ed. Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots. South End Press.  Boston.  1993, 259 pp.
A product of the National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit, brings together leading scholars, environmentalists, and social justice activists to explore the status of the grassroots movement for environmental justice that has emerged from the urban ghettos, barrios, rural "poverty pockets," and Native lands.  Topics addressed include lead poisoning, landfills, hazardous waste sites, sustainable development, and farmworkers' expo- sure to pesticides.

______________. Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality.  Westview Press.  Boulder, Colorado. 1990, 2000. 234 pp.
Sociological treatise on "Race, Class, and Environmental Quality." Explores theoretical backgrounds, political factors, case studies, gives the results of the survey, and seeks to develop common strategies that are effective in building sustainable communities for African Americans and other people of color. Examines the environmental and social justice struggles of five African-American communities in the South, noting similarities with the civil rights movements of the 60s.    

______________, ed. Unequal Protection: Environmental Justice and Communities of Color. Sierra Club Books.  San Francisco.  1994. 392 pp.
Contains essays and articles written by community activists, academicians, students, journalists, and lawyers of color, reflecting the cultural diversity of the environmental justice movement.  Profiles the defining EJ struggles of some of the most polluted communities across the country, and provides a frame- work for addressing unjust environmental conditions.

______________, and Johnson, Glenn S., eds. Just Transportation: Dismantling Race and Class Barriers to Mobility.  New Society Publishers.  Gabriola Island, BC. 1997. 193 pp.
Seeks to refocus attention on the issue of transportation discrimination by examining how institutionalized racism affects the way transportation systems are designed and distributed.  Essays by transportation and environmental activists, lawyers, and scholars "place in context the transportation struggles from Plessy v.Furguson and Rosa Parks to the modern-day challenges of unjust, unfair, and illegal transportation practices."

Camacho, David E., ed. Environmental Injustices, Political Struggles: Race, Class, and the Environment.  Duke University Press.  Durham. 1998. 232 pp.
This collection of essays discusses the political and social frameworks of environmental justice and coalition building between environmental organizations and grassroots activist groups via examination of case studies of environmental inequality from around the country.  Seeks to understand the factors contributing to environmental inequities, possible solutions, and how problems are addressed by policy makers and business interests.  Calls for a more comprehensive view of environmentalism that takes into account other frames of reference and challenges the dominant ideological framework.

Cole, Luke W. and Foster, Sheila R., eds. From the Ground Up: Environmental Racism and the Rise of the Environmental Justice Movement.  New York University Press.  New York. 2001. 244 pp.
This book analyzes environmental justice grassroots activism by emphasizing the self-representation and agency suggested by the statement "we speak for ourselves."  Focuses on how the environmental justice movement transforms the possibilities for significant environmental and social change by through increased participation and representation of disenfranchised communities.  

Erickson, Brad, ed. Call to Action: Handbook for Ecology, Peace, and Justice.  Sierra Club Books.  San Francisco. 1990.
A compendium of essays by scholars, activists, and other public figures working in a variety of social justice fields. 

Gaventa, John, et.al., eds.  Communities in Economic Crisis.  Temple University Press.  Philadelphia.  1990.
Features two chapters on environmental justice. "Environment- alism, Economic Blackmail, and Civil Rights" discusses how these issues constitute competing agendas within the black community.  Offers suggestions for work on integrating environmental protection with economic progress.  "Economic Slavery or Hazardous Wastes? Robeson County's Economic Menu" describes the history of hazardous industries in Robeson County.  Centers around the successful struggle to keep a GSX facility off the Lumbee River.  

Gibbs, Lois Marie.  Love Canal: the Story Continues?  New Society Publishers.  Gabriola Island, BC.  1998.
Written by a mother and resident of "Love Canal" who became a leading activist in the struggle against toxic contamination in her community.  Tells the story of the community in Niagra Falls, New York, that brought environmental justice to national attention in 1978 after discovering it was located on top of a toxic chemical waste dump.  Provides account of the relocation out of the area, later resettlement of the community, and Gibbs' founding of the Center for Health, Environment and Justice.  Serves as a model for grassroots activism and how individual citizens and community groups can confront companies, state and federal governments to demand justice and equal rights.          

Goggin, Terrence, and John M. Seidel, eds.  Politics American Style: Race, Environment, and Central Cities.  Prentice-Hall.  Englewood Cliffs NJ.  1972. 
A collection of case studies and readings divided into six sections: "The Disturbing Situation"; "The Executive Machinery: The Legacy of Racism"; "The Legislative Process: Is it Capable of Achieving Equity?"; "Bureaucratic Decision-making: Destroying the Environment"; "State and Local Politics: Political Deals and Dying Cities"; and "Politics American Style: Revisiting Reality."

Goldman, Benjamin A.  The Truth About Where You Live.  Times Books: Random House.  New York.  1992.
A compilation of county maps showing the distribution of a wide variety of applicable variables: pollution, health statistics, racial composition, and economic indicators.  Now out of print but still available through Amazon.com.

Hall, Bob, ed.  Environmental Politics: Lessons from the Grassroots.  Institute for Southern Studies.  Durham, NC.  1988.
Features eleven chapters that describe grassroots experiences in North Carolina, including: "Dumping on Warren County," which describes the famous 1982 struggle that many consider the birth of environmental justice awareness; and "The River that Wouldn't Die," which describes the Robeson County struggle around the siting of a hazardous waste facility on the Lumbee River in North Carolina.  The latter includes two additional articles, "Lumbee Identity and Cultural Genocide" and "Citizen Lobbyists: What Money Can't Buy."

Hofrichter, Richard, ed.  Toxic Struggles: The Theory and Practice of Environmental Justice.  New Society Publishers.  Philadelphia, PA. 1993.
Documents the struggle by people of color, women, low-income, and working-class communities to forge multi-issue, multi-cultural coalitions.  These coalitions are reshaping the environmental movement by forcing it to incorporate social justice issues such as racism, class, gender, anti-militarism and poverty.  Focuses on the revitalization of politics towards community empowerment and sustainable economies.  Essays, written by activists and scholars like Robert Bullard, Winona LaDuke, Ynestra King, Cesar Chavez, Medea Benjamin, and Vernice Miller, reflect the diversity of the movement by addressing such issues as environmental racism, ecofeminism, occupational health and safety, and exploitation of the Third World. 

_______________, ed. Reclaiming the Environmental Debate: The Politics of Health in a Toxic Culture.  Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  Cambridge.  2000. 356 pp.
Identifies inequality and poor resource management as the social arrangements that allow hazardous substances to endanger human health and the environment, including poor working conditions, hazardous technology, hazardous waste production, and low-quality housing.  Calls for shift in public attitudes and awareness to forge social conditions that will allow the development of healthy communities.

Mann, Eric.  L.A.'s Lethal Air: New Strategies for Policy, Organizing, and Action.  Watchdog Organizing Committee.  Los Angeles.  1991.
Exposes corporate and government strategies and makes it clear that communities of color must be major players in the battle to clean up L.A.'s "Valley of Smoke."  Offers activists throughout the country an analysis and strategy in which environmental issues are placed in the broader context of social, racial, and economic justice. 

Mazzochi, Tony.  The Superfund Campaign and the Alleged Conflict Between Jobs and the Environment.  Oil, Chemical and Atomic International Union.  Denver, Colorado.
A booklet that addresses the "jobs versus environment" debate and provides a perspective the workers' movement.  Argues that there are options that can bet both beneficial to the environment and the job security of the working class: "We have a program to connect ourselves against companies dumping hazardous waste.  We also need one to protect ourselves against companies dumping workers -- a Superfund for Workers."

Wenz, Peter.  Environmental Justice.  State University of New York Press.  Albany.  1988.
A highly theoretical academic work on the sociological and philosophical context surrounding environmental policy; appropriate for scholars who seek to draw upon established theoretical frameworks in order to explore aspects of racial/economic equity.  See especially pp. 316-319, where Wenz describes a "concentric circle theory" that has obvious implications for work on NIBMYism, etc. 

Periodicals  

Access EPA.  Released annually by the Environmental Protection Agency.  Information Access Branch, Information Management and Services Division, EPA, 401 M Street SW, Washington, DC 20460. 
Contains extensive information and contacts for: public information tools; major EPA dockets; clearinghouses and hotlines; records management programs; major EPA databases; library and information services; and state environmental libraries.  The text would be helpful for researchers trying to track down facilities and other EPA-based data. 

The African-American Environmentalist.  Quarterly newsletter of the African-American Environmentalist Association.  The Center for Environment, Commerce, and Energy, 9903 Caltor Lane, Ft. Washington, MD 20744, (301) 265-8185.
Published to increase environmental awareness and promote activism among African-American lawyers and non-lawyers alike.

CBE Environment Environmental Review.  Quarterly newsletter of Citizens for a Better Environment, 205 W. Monroe, 4th Floor, Chicago, IL 60606, (312)346-8870.
Focuses on urban environmental issues and is geared for non-lawyers as well as lawyers.

EcoSocialist Review.  Democratic Socialists of America. Chicago DSA, 1608 N. Milwaukee, Chicago, IL 60647, (312) 752-3562.
Integrates environmental and social justice concerns, along with a strong international focus.  Includes book reviews and list of recent literature. 

Environmental Poverty Law Working Group News.  Published by Center on Race, Poverty, and the Environment (631 Howard Street, Suite 350, San Francisco, California, 94105, (415) 495-8990). 
This newsletter is no longer published, but past copies are available through CRPE archives.  A useful newsletter on environmental justice for lawyers, featuring information on EJ litigation and law review articles.

Everyone's Backyard.  Center for Health, Environment, and Justice (formerly Citizen's Clearinghouse for Hazardous Waste).  P.O. Box 6808, Falls Church, VA, 22040, (703) 237-2249.
Includes updates on activities of community groups, organizing tips for and by grassroots environmental justice groups, and reviews of books, reports, and other resources that can aid in organizing efforts.  CHEJ has been at the forefront of attempts to mold a myriad of local efforts into a coherent movement.

New Solutions.  Quarterly journal of the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union.  P.O. Box 2821, Denver, CO 80201.
Over 100 pages of commentary, feature articles, and book reviews concerning issues of social justice and the environment in the workplace.

Race, Poverty, and the Environment.  Quarterly newsletter published jointly by the Center on Race, Poverty and the Environment (631 Howard Street, Suite 350, San Francisco, California, 94105, (415) 495-8990) and the Earth Island Institute via the Urban Habitat Program (300 Broadway, Suite 28, San Francisco, CA 94133, (415) 788-3666).
Founded by pioneering EJ attorney Luke Cole, the CRPE is an outgrowth of CRLAF's efforts toward the legal element of the national environmental justice movement.  Aims to "promote the voices and discussions of the EJ movement" by focusing on urban environmental issues, and is intended for non-lawyers as well as lawyers.  Newsletter is available online through www.igc.org/uhp/rpe.htm. 

The Workbook.  "Beyond Ankle-Biting:  Fighting Environmental Discrimination Locally, Nationally, and Globally." v.16, n.3.  Fall 1991. Southwest Research and Information Center.  105 Stanford SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, (505)262-1862. 
This newsletter is no longer published, but this special issue, which includes the 15-page feature listed above, 10 boxed articles, and an annotated list of "Further Reading on Environmental Discrimination," is available through the SRIC archives.    

Reports and Memoranda  

American Bar Association.  "Environmental Justice Resolution."  Standing Committee on Environmental Law, American Bar Association.  July 1993.
A proposed resolution and accompanying report on the ABA's support for actions addressing the issue of environmental justice.  Speaks broadly about the need for action at the federal, state, and local levels by the organized bar and law schools.  Includes a brief history of the environmental justice movement.

Cerrell Associates.  "Political Difficulties Facing Waste-to-Energy Conversion Plant Siting."  Prepared for the California State Waste Management Board by Cerrell Associates, Inc., 320 North Larchmont Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 9004.  1984.
California seeks to quell its solid waste disposal problems through incineration technology that co-produces energy as wastes are burned.  In order to avoid the resistance that officials have met when trying to site these facilities, community profiles can be analyzed for likelihood of opposition before sites are selected.  In addition, various strategies can be pursued to encourage community acceptance of a facility.  This paper is often referred to as "The Cerrell Report."

Commission for Racial Justice, United Church of Christ, "Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States: A National Report on the Socio-Economic Characteristics of Communities with Hazardous Waste Sites (1987)." 69 pp. 28-30.
Until this landmark report, almost no one spoke about environmental racism.  The United Church of Christ studied communities surrounding 415 hazardous waste facilities and found that race correlated more than income with residence near these sites.  The report also concluded: (1) communities with the highest number of hazardous waste facilities had the highest percentage of minorities, and (2) three of the nation's five largest commercial hazardous waste facilities were located in minority communities.  The documentation of these and other findings makes Toxic Wastes and Race a rich source of statistical data.

Costner, Pat, and Joe Thorton.  "Playing with Fire: Hazardous Waste Incineration."  Greeenpeace.  1436 U Street NW, Washington, DC 2009. 1990.
Over 1,000 facilities burned at least 7.6 billion pounds of hazardous waste in the U.S. in 1989.  This study is one of the few that includes information to assess the health and environmental impacts of pollutants released.  Chapter 6, "Communities Near Hazardous Waste Incinerators ? Hosts or Hostages?" is particularly informative.  The report also includes sources for facility data.

Durrett, Dan.  "Environmental Justice: Breaking New Ground."  Committee for the National Institute of the Environment.  730 11th Street NW, Washington DC 20005-45512.  July 29, 1993.
"Describes the environmental justice movement's key players, issues, and literature."  This paper incorporates environmental justice into a proposed National Institute for the Environment.  Information to cabinet status, as well as from Congressional staff and EPA officials.  Appendices includes a list of activists and a collection of agenda items from conferences.

Environmental Protection Agency.  "Environmental Equity: Reducing Risk for All Communities."  EPA A230-R-92-008 (June 1992).  Vol. 1 & 2.  84 pp.  Includes bibliography, pp. 41-42.
This severely criticized but historic report concluded, among other things: (1) there is a lack of data on environmental health effects by race and income, except for lead poisoning, and (2) EPA outreach to minority and low income communities can be improved. The first volume is the result of work conducted by the EPA workgroup on environmental equity.  The second volume consists of supporting documents and critiques by environmental justice advocates.

EPA.  "Environmental Justice Issues of Asian and Pacific Americans."  Published in the July 1993 issue of EPA's Environmental Equity Update Memo.  Office of Environmental Equity.
Attempts to identify and establish "issues, perspectives, and channels of communication specific to [Asian Pacific Americans] for EPA's Office of Environmental Equity.  The purpose of this paper is to build awareness and to provide the impetus for research, outreach, and resource allocation."

EPA.  "Report to Congress: Disposal of Hazardous Wastes."  Office of Solid Waste Management Programs, US EPA.  1974.
Appendix F, which "summarizes the findings related to site selection, methods and processes that are likely to be used at a typical site," is one of the earliest attempts to rank potential areas for the purpose of locating hazardous waste treatment and disposal sites.

EPA.  "Urban Environment, Environmental Equity and Tribal Initiatives in the Regions."  Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation, USEPA, Washington, DC.
Compilation of information from the Regional Planning Branch Chiefs into a report of projects (planned or underway).

General Accounting Office.  "Siting of Hazardous Waste Landfills and their correlation with Racial and Economic Status of Surrounding Communities," GAO/RCED-83-168, B-211461 (June 1, 1983). 74 pp.
Another environmental justice "classic" and a rich source of statistical data, this study of eight southeastern states found: (1) African-Americans were the majority of the population in three of the four communities where offsite hazardous landfills were located, (2) at least 26 percent of the population in all four communities had incomes below the poverty level, and (3) most of the residents below the poverty level were African American. This oft-references GAO report was commissioned by U.S. Representatives James Florio and Walter Fauntroy after protests in Warren County, NC. 

Henderson Thomas J., and W. Lawrence Wallace.  "Environmental Justice Cases: Cases Involving Challenges to Environmental Decisions that Raise Claims of Race or National Origin Discrimination."  1993. 31 pp.
The best place for the beginner to start researching cases ? and a valuable tool for experts as well ? Environmental Justice Cases discusses eight cases that have challenged environmental decisions under federal civil rights law.  Included are all the "classic" siting cases ? both state and federal ? from the late '70s through 1992.  Also included is a strategy discussion on discriminatory intent, disparate impact, and other topics.

Institute for Southern Studies.  "Legislating Justice."  P.O. Box 531, Durham, NC 27702.
A report that looks at bills introduced in 9 states, including 7 southern states.  Analyzes grassroots support, lessons learned, and next steps for introducing environmental justice legislation.

Mares, Rafael.  "Can Legislation Be a Remedy for Environmental Discrimination?"  Draft Copy, August 1993.  Environmental Justice Work Area, General Board of Church and Society, United Methodist Church.
A critique of proposed environmental justice legislation in the 103rd Congress, including the Environmental Justice Act, the Environmental Rights Act, the Environmental Health Equity Information Act, and others.  Includes a brief history of the environmental justice movement and an annotated bibliography of federal legislation and publications on the subject.

Probst, Kate.  "Hazardous Waste Sites and the Rural Poor: A Preliminary Assessment."  Alexandria, VA.  Clean Sites.  March 1990.  55 pp.
Concentrates on the inequities of Superfund designation for rural communities with small populations, without focusing on the issue of racial discrimination.  Points out that the populations that depend most heavily on local groundwater for drinking water are not large enough to receive EPA priority site designation to clean up water. 

Trevant, Circey.  "Race, Poverty, and the Environment."  Environmental Sciences Coordination Office.  Ann Arbor, Michigan.
This brief report documents the history of the environmental justice movement.

Urban Habitat Program.  "Building on our Strengths: A community guide to Brownfields Redevelopment in the San Francisco Bay Area."
A working handbook on community-based brownfields redevelopment from initial site selection through project implementations. With general overview articles on urban planning, transportation and toxics as well as hands on advice on legal, scientific, and policy issues, including directories of Bay Area stakeholders, and other useful tools.

Urban Habitat Program. "Crash Course in Bay Area Transportation."
An analysis of the social equity and environmental implications of regional transportation spending. Extensive research reveals that highways and rail serving suburban commuters are favored over inner city transit systems with higher rider-ship. Includes computer generated maps and tables.

Urban Habitat Program. "Voices of Hope, Dreams of a Community."
A community dialogue to develop a shared vision and agenda for environmental health and justice among San Francisco's Bayview Hunters Point residents and activists. Initiated by the Hunters Point Environmental Health Project, a collaboration of UHP, Golden Gate University Justice Clinic, and Southeast Alliance for Environmental Justice, the report discusses key concerns of community revitalization environmental health, jobs, housing, transportation and education.

Waste Management.  "Siting Report."  August 6, 1992.  WMX Technology and Services, Inc.  Washington, D.C.
Provides a "demographic snapshot" of the communities that host waste disposal facilities operated by Waste Management and its subsidiaries.  Broken down according to zip code, county, and percentage of population of European descent in the host community.

Waxman, Henry A.  "The Real Story Behind EPA's Environmental Equity Report."  Subcommittee on Health and the Environment, Committee on Energy and Commerce.  U.S. House of Representatives.  February 1992.
In November 1991, EPA's associate administrator Lewis Crampton wrote an internal memo that outlined a public relations campaign to accompany the release of the workgroup report.  A dissenting opinion authored by minority members of the workgroup was not to be released by the EPA.  The members who filled in took legal action.

Videos  

Jackson, Jesse. "Environmental Racism." Video Transcripts.  January 16, 1991.  60 min.
Demonstrates the issue through three case studies : Southside Chicago?s Altgeld Gardens, Cancer Alley in Louisiana, and Calvert City, Kentucky. 

Urban Habitat Program.  "Mapping for Social Change."
A 20-minute video on computer generated mapping as a tool for environmental justice analysis. With maps from community groups in Los Angeles, Minneapolis, and San Francisco.

United Methodist Church. "Catch the Spirit." Catch the Spirit, Nashville, Tennessee.
Religiously-based talk show with segments on ANWAR, the Lumbee River, Louisiana?s Chemical Corridor, and a Native American Parable.  Reports briefly on a church-sponsored toxic waste conference held in Baton Rouge.  While it does not cover the race issues in great depth, it does acknowledge racial aspects of the problems discussed.